Abstract: Desistance from crime has traditionally been examined through sociological and psychological frameworks emphasizing identity transformation, social bonds, and cognitive change. Parallel research in cognitive neuroscience has identified the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) as a central structure involved in effortful control, conflict monitoring, emotional regulation, and sustained goal-directed behaviour. However, these literatures have rarely been systematically integrated. This paper advances a conceptual framework linking aMCC function to established desistance theories and the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model. It argues that the aMCC plausibly underpins the neurocognitive mechanisms required for internalization of control, moral conflict processing, and behavioural persistence during rehabilitation. By mapping neuroscientific evidence onto criminological theory, the paper proposes that desistance may involve gradual strengthening of neural systems supporting effortful self-regulation. The framework does not claim direct causal proof but offers a theoretically grounded model to guide interdisciplinary research and inform rehabilitative practice. Implications for probation policy, relapse interpretation, and trauma-informed interventions are discussed.