This article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the impact of ergonomic risk factors in the professional activities of medical workers—physicians, nurses, dentists, and surgeons—on musculoskeletal disorders, professional burnout, and labor productivity, based on international scientific literature. The results showed that the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders exceeds 55–80% among all medical specialties, and it was found that multi-component ergonomic interventions (exercise + education + organizational changes) significantly reduce the intensity of the problem. The lack of local empirical research in this field within the medical institutions of Uzbekistan was identified as an urgent task.