India's transition toward green energy represents one of the most significant structural transformations in its modern economic and environmental history. As one of the fastest-growing economies with rapidly increasing energy demand, India faces the dual challenge of ensuring energy security while mitigating climate change and environmental degradation. This comprehensive review critically examines the development, current status, technological advancements, policy frameworks, environmental implications, challenges, and future prospects of green energy resources in India. The study synthesizes developments across solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and emerging green hydrogen sectors. It further evaluates their contribution to carbon emission reduction, air quality improvement, rural electrification, and sustainable development goals. The review highlights India's renewable capacity growth trajectory, policy-driven expansion, investment patterns, and environmental benefits. Despite remarkable progress, challenges such as grid integration, intermittency, land acquisition, financing constraints, and storage limitations persist. The paper concludes that sustained innovation, regulatory stability, technological advancement, and strategic investments are essential to achieve India's long-term clean energy and carbon neutrality ambitions.