This article provides a scholarly analysis of the measures aimed at forming and establishing a modern medical system in the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic. The study highlights healthcare reforms carried out in 1920–1924, the organization of a network of medical institutions, the establishment of sanitary and epidemiological services, measures to combat infectious diseases among the population, and issues related to training local medical personnel. It also examines the transition from traditional healing practices to scientific medicine, the central government’s healthcare policy, and its social significance. The article evaluates the introduction of modern medicine as an important factor in the socio-economic development of Bukhara society.