Exercise induces a wide range of physiological adaptations that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and preventing lifestyle-related disorders. In Ayurveda, Vyāyāma is described as a regulated physical activity performed within one’s capacity, contributing to strength, metabolic efficiency, and functional stability of the body. Modern exercise physiology explains these benefits through cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine, and metabolic adaptations. Both Ayurveda and modern science recognize that individual physiological capacity varies according to constitution, age, strength, and health status, thereby emphasizing the need for personalised exercise. This article aims to analyze Vyāyāma and modern exercise from a physiological viewpoint and highlight the relevance of personalised exercise in maintaining systemic balance and optimal physiological function.