Obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health challenges of the twenty-first century, characterized not merely by excessive adiposity but by a complex interplay of metabolic, behavioral, environmental, and genetic determinants. Once considered a condition confined primarily to high-income nations, obesity now affects populations across all socioeconomic strata, contributing substantially to global morbidity and mortality. It is strongly associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and certain malignancies. Beyond these medical sequelae, obesity imposes psychological and social burdens, including stigma, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare expenditure.