High-temperature superconductors (HTS) represent a revolutionary class of materials exhibiting superconductivity at temperatures signi cantly above conventionalsuperconductors [1]. This comprehensive review examines recent advances in threemajor families of high-temperature superconductors: cuprate-based systems [2, 3],iron-based compounds [4, 5], and the newly emerging nickelate superconductors[6, 7]. The paper analyzes the fundamental mechanisms underlying superconductivity in these materials [8, 9], recent experimental breakthroughs including theachievement of superconductivity up to 96K in nickelates under pressure [7], andthe ongoing quest toward room-temperature superconductivity in compressed hydride systems [10, 11]. Statistical analysis of critical temperature trends across different material families reveals systematic correlations between structural featuresand superconducting properties [12, 13]. Despite decades of intensive research, thecomplete understanding of electron pairing mechanisms in high-temperature superconductors remains one of the most challenging open problems in condensed matterphysics [14], with recent studies suggesting charge-transfer superexchange as a keymechanism in cuprates [3, 15]. The review concludes with an assessment of current applications in quantum computing, magnetic levitation [1], and fusion energysystems [16], alongside future directions for materials discovery using arti cial intelligence and machine learning approaches [16].