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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Variable Ratio Reinforcement, Dopaminergic Incentive Salience, and Socially Embedded Addictive Behaviors: Toward a Unified Theoretical Framework

Authors: Marutani, Yuji;

Variable Ratio Reinforcement, Dopaminergic Incentive Salience, and Socially Embedded Addictive Behaviors: Toward a Unified Theoretical Framework

Abstract

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforcement schedules are among the most powerful behavioral mechanisms for generating persistent, extinction-resistant actions. While VR has been extensively studied in operant conditioning and gambling paradigms, its broader role in socially embedded addictive behaviors—including SNS use disorder, romantic intermittent reinforcement, spiritual fraud, and destructive cult involvement—remains insufficiently theorized. This paper integrates Skinnerian reinforcement theory, Schultz's reward prediction error (RPE) model, and Berridge & Robinson's incentive salience framework with contemporary neuroimaging findings to propose a unified account of VR reinforcement × dopaminergic wanting × social approval dynamics. We argue that many forms of social manipulation—including algorithmically engineered SNS engagement—exploit the same neural machinery as gambling devices, transforming interpersonal and digital interactions into VR-like reinforcement schedules that hijack the mesolimbic dopamine system. The resulting model explains the shared compulsive, extinction-resistant patterns observed across gambling disorder, SNS use disorder, romantic dependency, spiritual exploitation, and cultic indoctrination. We further present a set of hierarchically organized testable predictions designed to discriminate this framework from principal alternative accounts. Implications for clinical intervention, prevention, and social policy are discussed.

Keywords

variable ratio reinforcement, reward prediction error, social addiction, SNS use disorder, intermittent reinforcement, mesolimbic pathway, dopamine, incentive salience, cult indoctrination

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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