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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The Collatz Rotation Angle and the Icosahedral Spectrum

Authors: Keeble, Clifford;

The Collatz Rotation Angle and the Icosahedral Spectrum

Abstract

Each odd Collatz step rotates the trajectory in log-space by a constant angle α = log₂(3) − 1 ≈ 0.585. The continued fraction of α is [0; 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 5, 2, 23, ...], with terms 3–7 matching the icosahedral lattice parameters (χ, χ, D, 1, 5). A Monte Carlo test (10⁶ random continued fractions) confirms this is statistically significant (p < 0.002). The convergent denominators produce the particle spectrum: q₂ = 2 (topology), q₃ = 5 (coordination), q₄ = 12 (vertices), q₅ = 41 (nucleation prime). The proton nucleation prime is generated by the CF recurrence as q₅ = 3 × 12 + 5 = D × V + 5, with partial quotient a₅ = D itself. A three-part runway hitting argument combines 2-adic tree convergence, Borel-Cantelli descent, and exhaustive [1,15] forcing. The runways R_k are proven to be the ONLY singularities of the 2-adic Collatz map — the only residue classes where the number of halvings depends on higher bits — because D·R_k + 1 = χ^{2k} is a pure power of 2. The no-cycle theorem follows from GCD(D, χ) = 1 making log₂(3) irrational. Key lattice numbers (1, 5, 41, 85) are centered square numbers C(n) = χ² × T(n−1) + 1, with the nucleation prime 41 = χ² × 10 + 1 using the surrender number as its triangular base. Third of four papers connecting the Collatz conjecture to icosahedral geometry in the Bootstrap Universe framework. Version 1.1: Addresses all issues from adversarial review. Adds Monte Carlo null hypothesis (p < 0.002), runway singularity theorem with centered square connection, equidistribution caveat, and honest Proposition framing for the deterministic descent gap.

Keywords

Collatz conjecture, continued fractions, rotation angle, icosahedral geometry, 2-adic dynamics, runway singularity, centered square numbers, particle spectrum, Bootstrap Universe, number theory

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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