The present study reviews the generic classification of all species assigned to Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 sensu Rausch (1976) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and related taxa, and proposes four new genera of anoplocephaline cestodes: Genovia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides wimerosa (Moniez, 1880), A. pseudowimerosa Tenora, Murai, Valero & Cutillas, 1982 and A. floresbarroetae Rausch, 1976, Sciurotaenia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides transversaria (Krabbe, 1879) and A. wigginsi (Rausch, 1954), Parasciurotaenia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides ryjikovi (Spasskii, 1950), and Equinia n. g. for Anoplocephaloides mamillana (Mehlis in Gurlt, 1831). The other new combinations are Microcephaloides neofibrinus (Rausch, 1952), Microcephaloides mascomai (Murai, Tenora & Rocamora, 1980) and Microcephaloides nevoi (Fair, Schmidt & Wertheim, 1990). In this revision, the emphasis is on morphological features that are shown to differ predictably between the monophyletic groups in the “arvicoline clade” of cestodes (i. e. among Anoplocephaloides s. str., Microcephaloides Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hardman, Rausch & Henttonen, 2008, Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 s. str. and Diandrya composita Darrah, 1930) and the phylogenetically related, basal Andrya rhopalocephala (Riehm, 1881), Neandrya cuniculi (Blanchard, 1891) and A. mamillana. These characters are the various external features, alternation of the genital pores, prominence of the genital atrium (=presence/absence of a genital papilla), and the structure and position of the uterus. Additional distinguishing features include the number and distribution of the testes (antiporal vs. poral+antiporal), length and shape of the cirrus sac, presence/absence of the retractor muscle of the cirrus sac, size and shape of the ovary and length of the vagina. In the key provided, the basal dichotomies are based on the alternation of the genital pores and the capability to form a genital papilla, which are easily observed in stained specimens.