Modern enterprise system design has undergone a significant transformation with the widespread adoption of cloud computing, containerization, and automation technologies. Traditional monolithic and on-premise infrastructures are increasingly being replaced by distributed, cloud-native architectures that emphasize scalability, resilience, and rapid delivery. Cloud platforms provide elastic infrastructure and global availability, while containerization technologies such as Docker and orchestration systems like Kubernetes enable portability, efficient resource utilization, and microservices-based design. Automation practices, including DevOps, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), and Infrastructure as Code (IaC), further enhance deployment speed, operational consistency, and system reliability. This review examines the architectural evolution of enterprise systems, key enabling technologies, integration strategies, security considerations, and operational challenges associated with cloud-native environments. Additionally, it highlights emerging trends such as serverless computing, GitOps, and AI-driven infrastructure management. By synthesizing current practices and technological advancements, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of modern enterprise system design and outlines strategic considerations for organizations pursuing digital transformation.