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Small Language Models as Graph Classifiers: Evaluating and Improving Permutation Robustness

Authors: Michal Podstawski;

Small Language Models as Graph Classifiers: Evaluating and Improving Permutation Robustness

Abstract

Graph classification is dominated by permutation-invariant graph neural networks. We revisit this problem from a different perspective: can small language models (SLMs) act as graph classifiers when graphs are serialized as text? Unlike GNNs, sequence-based transformers do not encode permutation invariance by construction, raising a fundamental question about structural stability under node relabeling.We provide the first systematic study of permutation robustness in small graph-as-text models. We introduce an evaluation protocol based on Flip Rate and KL-to-Mean divergence to quantify prediction instability across random node permutations. To enforce structural consistency, we propose Permutation-Invariant Training (PIT), a multi-view regularization scheme that aligns predictions across relabeled graph views, and examine its interaction with degree-aware token embeddings as a minimal inductive bias.Across benchmark datasets using parameter-efficient fine-tuning, we show that SLMs achieve competitive classification accuracy, yet standard fine-tuning exhibits non-trivial permutation sensitivity. PIT consistently reduces instability and in most evaluated settings improves accuracy, demonstrating that structural invariance in sequence-based graph models can emerge through explicit regularization.

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Keywords

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Computer Science and Mathematics

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
hybrid