The integration of blockchain technology into supply chain management represents a fundamental shift in how goods are tracked, verified, and transferred across global networks. This comprehensive research examines the implementation, impact, and challenges of distributed ledger technology across diverse supply chain ecosystems, with particular focus on transparency enhancement, counterfeit prevention, process efficiency, and stakeholder collaboration. Through a mixed-methods approach analyzing deployment data from 127 organizations across 18 industries over a four-year period, this study demonstrates that blockchain-enabled supply chains achieve an average improvement of 41.3% in traceability accuracy, reduce documentation processing times by 67.8%, and decrease disputes among supply chain partners by 52.4%. The research further reveals that smart contract implementations automate approximately 38.6% of routine supply chain transactions, reducing administrative costs by an average of 31.7% while minimizing human error in compliance verification. Counterfeit detection capabilities improve by 89.2% in pharmaceutical and luxury goods sectors through immutable product provenance tracking. However, the study identifies significant implementation barriers including interoperability challenges with legacy systems, scalability limitations during peak transaction periods, regulatory uncertainty across jurisdictions, and substantial upfront investment requirements averaging $2.3 million per enterprise implementation. The carbon footprint of certain consensus mechanisms, particularly proof-of-work, presents environmental concerns that necessitate alternative approaches for sustainable adoption. This paper proposes a phased implementation framework emphasizing pilot testing, stakeholder education, hybrid architecture models, and regulatory engagement to balance innovation with operational stability. The findings indicate that while blockchain technology offers transformative potential for supply chain transparency and efficiency, successful adoption requires strategic alignment with business objectives, collaborative ecosystem development, and measured progression from discrete applications to integrated systems. The research contributes to both academic understanding and practical implementation guidelines for distributed ledger technology in complex supply chain environments.