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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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EEG for LLMs: A Telemetry Layer for Online Uncertainty Monitoring and Decision Policies

Authors: Yudin, Nikolay;

EEG for LLMs: A Telemetry Layer for Online Uncertainty Monitoring and Decision Policies

Abstract

Token streams are a human-oriented interface that can obscure generation dynamics and encourage brittle analyses (e.g., relying on chain-of-thought text). We introduce an "EEG-like" telemetry layer for autoregressive decoding that records lightweight internal signals during generation - uncertainty, surprisal, distribution shift, and sparse layer summaries - yielding real-time traces of model state evolution without parsing chain-of-thought text. Across three model families and three task types (27 runs = 3 models x 3 tasks x 3 seeds), we find that telemetry signatures vary strongly across models and tasks, and that early-window uncertainty can predict failures above random on labeled tasks (entropy AUC 0.61-0.74 on GSM8K and 0.35-0.75 on TriviaQA). As an application demo, we show how telemetry can gate simple downstream policies (accept / retry / route) on a Llama-8B -> Qwen-32B (4-bit) pair, improving accuracy by up to +10.5 points on GSM8K (route-only; 1.42x cost proxy) and +1.5 points on TriviaQA (cascade; 2.81x cost proxy). We release a reproducible pipeline, canonical benchmarks, and visualization tools. We view this work as a first step toward systems that progressively reduce reliance on human token interfaces.

Keywords

token-level analysis, uncertainty estimation, telemetry, internal activations, large language models (LLM), hidden states, inference-time monitoring

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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