Table S1 UBPs and urbanization information in selected cities Table S2 The midpoint and endpoint effects (absolute) of LCA in the main text Table S3 The midpoint and endpoint effects of LCA in S1 Table S4 The midpoint and endpoint effects of LCA in S2 Table S5 The midpoint and endpoint effects of LCA in S3 Table S6 Contribution of material categories to endpoint health and ecosystem damages Table S7 Impact of economic losses Table S8 The city classification in China Table S9 Investment and demand for different construction suspension stages Table S10 Scenario setting for the suspension stage of UBPs Table S11 Material composition indicators across China Table S12 Collected information on unfinished building projects (UBPs) across China (as of 2023) Table S13 Collected information on Everest's UBPs nationwide (as of 2023) Table S14 The average unit cost of UBPs across China in 2021 Table S15 The detailed unit cost of UBPs across China in 2021 Table S16 Economic and social development factors in Chinese provinces in 2023 Table S17 Economic and real estate development factors in China (1987-2023) Table S18 Economic and social development factors in Chinese cities in 2023 Table S19 LCA emission factor in China used in the estimation