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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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The Griffiths Electromagnetically-Governed Hydrogen Combustion Engine (H₂-EM Engine v1.1) A Plasma-Locked, Field-Gated, Predictively Governed Architecture for Safe, Stable Hydrogen Combustion

Authors: Griffiths, Wayne;

The Griffiths Electromagnetically-Governed Hydrogen Combustion Engine (H₂-EM Engine v1.1) A Plasma-Locked, Field-Gated, Predictively Governed Architecture for Safe, Stable Hydrogen Combustion

Abstract

The Griffiths Electromagnetically‑Governed Hydrogen Combustion Engine (H₂‑EM Engine v1.1) introduces a new combustion architecture in which hydrogen ignition, flame‑kernel formation, and flame evolution are governed by electromagnetic fields rather than mechanical containment or conventional spark‑ignition control. Hydrogen’s extreme reactivity has historically created instability pathways—backfire, pre‑ignition, knock‑like excursions, and uncontrolled flame growth—that form the core bottleneck preventing widespread adoption of hydrogen internal‑combustion systems. The H₂‑EM Engine directly addresses this bottleneck by replacing passive containment with active electromagnetic governance. The architecture integrates three foundational innovations: 1. EM‑Gated Combustion — Solving the Instability Bottleneck Plasma‑locked ignition and field‑gated ignition zones confine flame‑kernel formation to a tightly bounded region. Outside this region, suppression fields collapse nascent kernels, reducing unintended ignition probability by several orders of magnitude. This directly mitigates hydrogen’s long‑standing instability issues and enables stable ultra‑lean combustion. 2. EM‑Governed Storage & Handling — Solving the Safety & Infrastructure Bottleneck RF/microwave dielectric‑shift sensing provides continuous hydrogen leak detection (“hydrogen radar”), while EM ignition‑suppression volumes protect manifolds, regulators, injector rails, and service bays. On‑demand hydrogen generation via microwave cracking of safer carriers (NH₃, methanol, LOHC) reduces stored H₂ mass and eliminates many high‑pressure storage risks. This addresses the second major bottleneck: hydrogen’s fragility in real‑world handling. 3. Predictive Supervisory Governance — Solving the Control Bottleneck A Belle‑derived control layer integrates ionisation sensing, EM‑field modulation, mixture governance, and pre‑ignition prediction to maintain operation within a bounded multi‑domain envelope (ignition, EM field, thermal, lean‑burn, cracking, and fault envelopes). The system is designed for fault‑graceful behaviour rather than catastrophic failure, overcoming the third bottleneck: the lack of robust, predictive control in hydrogen engines. The document includes governing equations for plasma‑kernel formation, EM confinement, flame‑front ionisation dynamics, dielectric‑shift leak detection, and microwave cracking energy balance. A worked example demonstrates field‑gating requirements for a 1.5 L cylinder at 10 bar and λ = 2.0, showing that suppression fields of ~25 kV/m and gating fields of ~60 kV/m are achievable with quadrupole coil geometries. By replacing containment with governance, the H₂‑EM Engine provides a credible, buildable pathway for overcoming hydrogen’s three historical bottlenecks—instability, storage risk, and control fragility—enabling safer, leaner, and more predictable hydrogen combustion. This work extends the Griffiths Canon of field‑bounded physics, predictive governance, and envelope‑defined operation into terrestrial energy systems.

Keywords

Hydrogen combustion Electromagnetic ignition Field‑gated combustion Plasma‑locked ignition Hydrogen safety Hydrogen instability mitigation EM‑governed combustion Lean‑burn hydrogen engines Hydrogen leak detection Dielectric‑shift sensing Microwave cracking On‑demand hydrogen generation Hydrogen carriers (NH3, methanol, LOHC) Predictive combustion governance Ionisation sensing Flame‑kernel suppression EM confinement fields Hydrogen storage safety Fault‑graceful engine control Combustion envelope modelling

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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Average
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