This article analyzes the evolution of trade and economic relations between the Russian Empire and the Kokand Khanate from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century. During this period, the Kokand Khanate emerged as a significant political and economic power in Central Asia, particularly within the Fergana Valley. The research explores the dynamics of commodity exchange, the role of merchant classes, and the strategic importance of trade routes connecting Russia with Western China through Kokand. The study highlights how economic interests-driven by Russia’s industrial revolution and its need for raw cotton-laid the groundwork for deeper diplomatic and eventually political involvement in the region.