This work proposes a unified operational redefinition of the fundamental physical quantities of time, energy, and mass based on finite operation theory. Rather than introducing a new competing physical theory, the framework is designed as an operational foundation that overlays existing theories, clarifying their domains of validity and their apparent breakdowns. Time is treated as a continuous quantity with an operational lower bound, energy as an observationally defined difference rather than an absolute value, and mass as a collective effect of correlation sealing structured through mass lattices and particle addresses. Divergences and singularities appearing in conventional theories are reinterpreted not as physical inconsistencies but as indicators of reaching inoperable domains beyond finite distinguishability. The theory is explicitly falsifiable and includes clearly stated assumptions, limitations, and delegation points for future theoretical and experimental research. This work aims to reposition unresolved foundational problems as structurally well-defined challenges, providing a common operational language for fundamental physics.