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Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Relativistic Jets as Convergent Wave Boundary Output: The Spike Wave Hypothesis

Authors: Steger, Cynthia;

Relativistic Jets as Convergent Wave Boundary Output: The Spike Wave Hypothesis

Abstract

Relativistic jet formation from black holes remains an open problem in astrophysics. The dominant Blandford-Znajek mechanism requires magnetic field extraction of rotational energy from a spinning black hole, while all current models assume the singularity paradigm. This paper proposes a geometrically simpler mechanism derived from direct physical observation. The FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility at the University of Edinburgh demonstrates that when 168 wave makers fire concentric waves inward in a 25-meter circular basin, the result is not collapse but a perpendicular energy spike — a vertical jet of water rising from the convergence point. No singularity is required. The perpendicular output is geometrically inevitable: when radially symmetric energy converges on a boundary in a continuous medium, the only unconstrained degree of freedom is the axis perpendicular to the convergence plane. This paper argues that relativistic jets follow the identical geometric principle at astrophysical scale, reinterpreted through the Abstract Theories Project framework in which black holes are processing boundaries ("black walls") rather than singularities. The accretion disk is the circular wave tank. Infalling matter provides converging energy. The processing boundary is the convergence point. The jet is the spike. This reframing preserves observed spin-jet correlations (through convergence coherence rather than energy extraction), explains collimation without magnetic confinement (through constructive interference geometry), accounts for jets from objects without classical horizons, and generates testable predictions distinguishable from existing models. Connections to empirical φ-convergence in 69 gravitational wave events (p < 0.001), the Klein Bottle twist topology framework, and independent horizon-less modeling of Sgr A* (Becerra-Vergara et al. 2026, MNRAS) are developed. Part of the Abstract Theories Project (ATP).

Keywords

relativistic jets, black holes, wave convergence, spike wave, FloWave, processing boundary, Discontinuity Fallacy, Blandford-Znajek mechanism, geometric jet formation, black wall hypothesis, accretion disk, collimation, scale invariance, golden ratio, harmonic unification, viscous spacetime, Klein bottle topology, Abstract Theories Project, Gravitational waves

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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