In modern physics, some of the most fundamental dimensionless numbers of nature—most notably the fine-structure constant α and the proton-to-electron mass ratio—are generally treated as empirical inputs rather than quantities derived from first principles. Despite their central role in electromagnetism, particle structure, and the stability of matter, their geometrical or physical origin remains unexplained within the Standard Model. In this work, a novel framework based on an algorithmic geometry of light and matter is introduced, demonstrating that these constants can emerge naturally from the internal structure of matter and the energy spectrum of trapped photons. Within this model, fundamental particles are described as systems possessing an effective micro–black-hole–like core that confines photons within a finite, stable, and physically motivated energy range. The lower bound of this spectrum is set by photons of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), representing the minimum photon energy available in nature, while the upper bound is limited to the ultraviolet (UV) regime, prior to the X-ray and gamma domains where stable confinement within matter is no longer possible. By considering a logarithmic (geometric) averaging of photon energy blueshifts between these bounds, the effective mean blueshift is shown to converge naturally to a value close to 137. Within this interpretation, the inverse fine-structure constant is no longer viewed as a fundamental coupling parameter, but rather as a quantitative measure of the spectral depth of confined light in stable matter. The model is further extended to account for the proton-to-electron mass ratio by distinguishing between surface-dominated (electron-like) and volume-dominated (proton-like) confinement geometries. This surface–volume asymmetry leads directly to a mass ratio of order 10^3, quantitatively consistent with the observed value of approximately 1838, without the introduction of additional free parameters. Subsequently, by analyzing energy transitions in the hydrogen atom, it is shown that electronic motion cannot be fully described as a purely spatial transition in three dimensions, but instead involves an effective back-and-forth component along the time dimension. This temporal return, formulated in terms of discrete temporal layers, provides a natural origin for factors of order c, c^4, and higher powers. Within this framework, the Weinberg angle θ_W is interpreted not as an independently fitted parameter, but as the ratio between trapped photon energy and freely emitted photon energy within a fundamental temporal interval—a ratio arising from intrinsic time-asymmetry in absorption and emission processes. In a separate chapter dedicated to the calculation of the gravitational constant G, it is shown that gravity itself may be understood as a cumulative consequence of these temporal layers and the micro–black-hole–like structure of fundamental particles. In this view, G does not arise from a direct classical interaction between point masses, but rather emerges as a geometric byproduct of accumulated trapped energy and temporal returns across scales. Finally, the proposed theoretical framework is compared with experimental observations from high-energy physics, including ultra-strong magnetic fields generated in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), reported anomalies in particle masses and magnetic moments, and ultra-high-energy cosmic phenomena. These comparisons indicate that the model is compatible with the current experimental frontier. Overall, this work proposes that electric charge, mass, magnetism, and gravity can be understood as different manifestations of spectrally confined light shaped by the geometry of matter. In this perspective, the so-called fundamental constants of physics are not independent empirical inputs, but geometric signatures of light–matter confinement, offering a unified view of electromagnetism, particle structure, and gravity. Table of Contents Abstract Chapter 1 Geometric and Wave-Based Extraction of the Proton–Electron Mass Ratio within a Micro–Black-Hole Framework Chapter 2 Origin of the Coulomb Force and Charge Quantization Chapter 3 Mathematical Derivation of Electric Charge, Vacuum Permittivity, and the Coulomb Constant Chapter 4 Gravity, the c⁵ Scaling Law, and Connection to Planck Energy Chapter 5 Precise Numerical Calculations: From the CMB Temperature to Planck Energy Chapter 6 Precise Numerical Calculation of the Electron Mass (Micro–Black-Hole Network Model) Chapter 7 Quantization of Electric Charge and Emergence of Coulomb’s Law Chapter 8 Extraction of the Coulomb Constant from the CMB Temperature Chapter 9 Qualitative Structural Consistency of this Model with Experimental Data from the LHC, CERN, and Cosmic Observations Chapter 10 Derivation of the Fine-Structure Constant (α ≈ 1/137) from CMB Photons and Confined UV Radiation Chapter 11 Derivation of the Schrödinger (Bohr) Radius from the Blueshift of Confined Photons Chapter 12: Calculation of Gravitational Constant G in the Algorithm of Existence Chapter 13: The Muon-to-Electron Mass Ratio in the Framework of the Algorithm of Existence Chapter 14: θ_W Ratio and the Role of Hydrogen Atom Photons in the Layered-Time Model Chapter15: Hawking Evaporation, Black Holes as Gravitational Waves, and Algorithmic Stability of Cosmic Structures Chapter16: The Planck Constant as a Temporal-Layer–Dependent Quantity