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Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Other literature type . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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On the Relational Origin of Gravity

Authors: Naghieh, Hamid;

On the Relational Origin of Gravity

Abstract

Einstein–Rosen (ER) in 1935 removed the problematic black hole central singularity, by modifying the Schwarzschild metric. They recognized a structural limitation in Schwazschild metric and recti- fied it with a parameter substitution. Mirroring ER’s modification using the same origin parameter substitution, we show both our modifications introduces a two-part gravitational model. In addition we show both ER’s modification and ours introduce spacetime hypersurfaces that discretesize the continous spacetime. We show ER modification of Schwarzschild metric uses the same Newton-Kepler’s equality substi- tution that we use. ER’s modification, and ours, adds an extra term to Schwarzschild metric, sourced from the orbital mass. We show this orbital term rectifies the limitation of Schwarzschild metric. It also results in a dual-part lapse function with causal displacements in the curved spacetime of the central mass. Based on the resulting metric we reinterprete ER’s bridge-sheets differently, as equilibrium (bridge) and nonequilibrium (sheets) states of the system. This interpretation is both structurally and phenomenologically different from ER’s, and leads to a physically motivated two-part thermo- dynamic interface gravitational model. Although our dual-part gravitational model is structurally analogous to ER’s, our’s is based on relational interaction with different physical implications. This relational approach reveals gravity as an emergent phenomenon arising from the interaction between dual-part of the system and the discrete spacetime. The interaction of the orbital mass with the central mass, and the discrete spacetime—naturally leads to both attractive and repulsive regimes. The replusive gravity implication could offer an explanation for the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and gives good estimate for their densities. Our model also organically gives an estimate for the value of cosmological constant. Our modified dual-part metric has implications for black hole physics, as it implies that a star collapse may not continue to the center, thereby avoiding singularity formation. It implies horizon represents the equilibrium hypersurface of the system. The modified metric has implications also for subatomic domain. The regions on either radial sides of the equilibrium hypersurfaces correspond to non-equilibrium regimes, resembling a Mexican Hat Effective Potential Field. Our model evolves dynamically with causal and thermodynamic constraints, and remains rigorously consistent with GR. Our model also reproduces the results of the classic tests of GR.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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