
Abstract This paper systematically analyzes the critical success factors associated with technology transfer processes, with a specific emphasis on the relationship between technology centers and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a context that remains insufficiently addressed in the literature. Based on a comprehensive and structured review, previously dispersed factors are identified, grouped, and synthesized, proposing an analytical framework that conceptualizes technology transfer as a relational and dynamic process that is strongly conditioned by the organizational and institutional context of SMEs. The main contribution of the study lies in structuring the critical success factors around a generic communicative (broadcasting) model of transfer articulated around six interrelated elements: sender, receiver, relationship, object, context, and mechanism. This approach makes it possible to move beyond fragmented perspectives and advance toward a systemic understanding of the transfer process, particularly relevant in environments characterized by asymmetries in resources, technological capabilities, and time horizons, such as those defining the relationship between technology centers and SMEs. The analysis highlights that, in this context, successful transfer does not depend solely on technological excellence, but rather on the interaction between the SME’s absorptive capacity, the quality and continuity of its relationship with the technology center, the suitability of the transferred object, and the design of the project as a transfer mechanism. Furthermore, the specific role of technology centers as specialized intermediaries is emphasized, as they help reduce uncertainty, facilitating progressive learning, and supporting SMEs in the maturation and exploitation of technologies with potential market impact. The proposed framework offers a solid conceptual basis for future research on technology transfer in SMEs and provides relevant insights for both the management of transfer processes by technology centers and firms and for the design of innovation policies that are more attuned to the real constraints and needs of SMEs. Resumen Este trabajo analiza de manera sistemática los factores críticos de éxito (FCE) asociados a los procesos de transferencia de tecnología, con un énfasis específico en la relación entre centros tecnológicos y pequeñas y medianas empresas, un contexto aun insuficientemente abordado en la literatura. A partir de una revisión exhaustiva y estructurada, se identifican, agrupan y sintetizan factores previamente dispersos, proponiendo un marco analítico que concibe la transferencia de tecnología como un proceso relacional, dinámico y fuertemente condicionado por el contexto organizativo e institucional de las pymes. La principal contribución del estudio reside en la estructuración de los factores críticos de éxito en torno a un modelo genérico de transferencia de naturaleza comunicativa (broadcasting), articulado en seis elementos interrelacionados: emisor, receptor, relación, objeto, contexto y mecanismo. Este enfoque permite superar aproximaciones fragmentadas y avanzar hacia una comprensión sistémica del proceso de transferencia, especialmente relevante en entornos caracterizados por asimetrías de recursos, capacidades tecnológicas y horizontes temporales, como las que definen la relación entre centros tecnológicos y pymes. El análisis pone de relieve que, en este contexto, el éxito de la transferencia no depende exclusivamente de la excelencia tecnológica, sino de la interacción entre la capacidad absortiva de la pyme, la calidad y continuidad de la relación con el centro tecnológico, la adecuación del objeto transferido y el diseño del proyecto como mecanismo de transferencia. Asimismo, se subraya el papel específico de los centros tecnológicos como intermediarios especializados, capaces de reducir la incertidumbre, facilitar el aprendizaje progresivo y acompañar a las pymes en la maduración y explotación de tecnologías con potencial de impacto en el mercado. El marco propuesto ofrece una base conceptual sólida para futuras investigaciones sobre transferencia de tecnología en pymes y proporciona orientaciones relevantes tanto para la gestión de la transferencia por parte de centros tecnológicos y empresas como para el diseño de políticas públicas de innovación más sensibles a las limitaciones y necesidades reales de las pymes.
Ames test, Technology centers, absorptive capacity, social capital, SMES, Small-and-medium-sized enterprises, critical success factors, innovation, Technology transfer
Ames test, Technology centers, absorptive capacity, social capital, SMES, Small-and-medium-sized enterprises, critical success factors, innovation, Technology transfer
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