This paper examines the challenges and opportunities associated with activating innovation processes in industrial sectors amid structural changes in the economy. Structural transformations, driven by shifts in technology, market demand, and regulatory frameworks, necessitate the modernization of industrial operations and the adoption of innovative practices. Using a combination of empirical analysis and case studies from key industrial sectors, the study identifies the main barriers to innovation, including resource constraints, organizational inertia, and insufficient technological infrastructure. The findings highlight that effective activation of innovation processes requires a coordinated approach involving state policy, investment in research and development, and enhanced collaboration between enterprises and knowledge institutions. The paper contributes to the literature by providing evidence-based insights on fostering industrial innovation under transitional economic conditions and offers practical recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders to enhance competitiveness and sustainable growth.