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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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"The Ball Is": From Conceptual Distinction to Empirical Demonstration in AI Epistemics

Authors: Longmire, JAMES (JD);

"The Ball Is": From Conceptual Distinction to Empirical Demonstration in AI Epistemics

Abstract

The distinction between traditional machine learning and generative AI is often treated as a matter of capability or scale. This paper argues it is architectural: ML systems close through reality; GenAI systems close through tokens. We develop this distinction through four stages: (1) conceptual analysis with ChatGPT establishing the theoretical difference through the robot arm and motion sensor as pedagogical anchors, (2) a two-phase empirical experiment with Perplexity AI that collapses GenAI into ML-like behavior through constraint, (3) synthesis with Claude connecting the results to the AI Dunning-Kruger (AIDK) framework, and (4) implications for AI development, deployment, and epistemics. Both experimental phases collapsed into repetition despite explicit prohibition, confirming the absence of symbolic bookkeeping as architectural rather than incidental. The methodology itself instantiates human-curated, AI-enabled (HCAE) collaboration: three AI systems performed derivation in distinct roles while origination, design, and interpretation remained human throughout.

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Keywords

machine learning; generative AI; large language models; symbol grounding; AI epistemics; constraint satisfaction; human-in-the-loop; AIDK; HCAE

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average