
The response of pixelated silicon sensors to incident charged particles (pions) was simulated using kinematic properties derived from fitted CMS Run‑2 tracks. Silvaco TCAD and a time-sliced version of PixelAV were used to simulate the initial electron-hole pairs produced in the active material of the pixel detector and subsequently calculate the induced signals. The pixel detector is taken to be a 16x16 array of pixels situated along a barrel layer (radius=30 mm) that is parallel to the beamline and centered around the interaction point. The detector is immersed in a 3.8T magnetic field parallel to the sensor X coordinate. Simulation datasets were produced for a single sensor geometry with pixel dimensions of 50x12.5x100 um^3. The schematic diagrams (SP_coordinates.pdf and y-local_coordinate.pdf) illustrate relevant geometric parameters of the simulation framework. Three datasets were generated for this configuration. The dataset 2s_16x16_50x12P5x100 corresponds to a physical pT dataset for a 16x16 pixel array with pixel dimensions of 50 um (along X), 12.5 um (along Y), and 100 um thickness (along Z). The dataset 3s_16x16_50x12P5x100 corresponds to a flat pT sample with the same sensor geometry. The flat pT corresponds to tracks that have a uniform distribution in transverse momentum in the 0 to 5 GeV range. The physical pT corresponds to tracks with a pT distribution similar to what is observed in CMS minimum-bias data. Finally, the dataset 3sExtended_16x16_50x12P5x100 uses the same sensor geometry and flat pT distribution but includes an extended range of incident angles to support the training of machine-learning algorithms. Truth properties of each particle are saved in the labels files, which include columns x-entry, y-entry, z-entry, n_x, n_y, n_z, number_eh_pairs, y-local, pt, cotAlpha, cotBeta, y-midplane, x-midplane. The particle impact point on the sensor surface is described by (x-entry, y-entry), and the impact point at the sensor mid-plane (i.e., at Z=sensor thickness/2) of the sensor is (x-midplane, y-midplane). These impact points are in units of microns. The track direction is a unit vector given by (n_x, n_y, n_z). The number of electron-hole pairs created in the active silicon volume is number_eh_pairs. The y distance in mm between the center of the 16x16 pixel array and the center of a flat module is denoted by y-local (see included diagram). As illustrated in SP_coordinates.pdf, please note the differences between the barrel and endcap module coordinate systems. The particle transverse momentum in GeV is stored in the pt variable, with the sign indicating the sign of the particle charge. The angle of incidence in the x-z plane is described by cotAlpha, and the angle of incidence in the y-z plane (the bending plane of the magnetic field) is described by cotBeta. The deposited charge per pixel per time slice is saved in the recon3D files. Reshaping each line as (20,16,16) gives the three-dimensional cluster in (time, y, x). Each slice in time corresponds to a window of 200 ps.
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