This comprehensive dataset was compiled to support research on building damage identification and prediction following the February 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. It integrates pre-seismic building inventories, multi-source post-disaster damage assessments, and key geo-environmental influencing factors. The repository is structured around three core components: (1) GBA_building_footprint: This folder contains a high-resolution Shapefile (Turkey_GBA_building_data) representing the building footprint polygons for the affected regions. (2) Building_damage_data: This folder aggregates building damage evaluations from five distinct sources, facilitating comparative studies and data fusion. It includes ARIA_DPM, damage proxy maps derived from NASA's ARIA project using Sentinel-1 SAR data to indicate ground deformation; UNOSAT, expert-based damage grading (e.g., destroyed, major damage) provided by the UN Operational Satellite Applications Programme in GIS vector format; Microsoft_team, AI-generated or crowdsourced damage assessments from Microsoft's disaster response collaborations; Visual_interpretation, manually annotated damage labels serving as a high-confidence validation dataset; and This_study, containing building damage results obtained using the methodology developed in this study. (3) Influencing_factors: This crucial folder provides raster layers (.tif) of key variables that influence building damage patterns, enabling analysis and prediction of damage distribution. It includes DEM.tif, a digital elevation model essential for assessing topographic effects; Epicenter.tif, representing the distance from each pixel to the main earthquake epicenter as a primary proxy for shaking intensity; Fault.tif, indicating proximity to active faults, a critical factor in ground motion; Lithology.tif, depicting geological or lithological units that strongly affect shaking amplification and liquefaction potential; and PGV.tif, peak ground velocity, a key measured or modeled ground motion parameter directly linked to seismic energy and potential structural damage.