This article is devoted to the analysis of errors and complications arising in the diagnosis and treatment of dental caries. The study examines common diagnostic shortcomings, technical errors during operative procedures, and their clinical consequences based on the review of contemporary scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to complications such as postoperative sensitivity, restoration failure, and pulpal involvement. The article also discusses the role of minimally invasive dentistry principles and modern diagnostic approaches in reducing treatment-related errors. In addition, methods of pain control used during caries treatment, including local anesthesia and patient-centered strategies, are reviewed.