This article provides a detailed analysis of the historical roots of the Turkish alphabet and the stages of its development through reforms. The research process will cover, on a scientific basis, the views on the alphabet issues, starting from ancient Turkish writing, the Arabic graphics used during the Ottoman period, the reform of the transition to the Latin script carried out during the reign of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the first Turkological congress, the Baku Congress, which played an important role in the life of the Turkic peoples. The role of alphabet reforms in language development, literacy levels, and societal modernization is revealed. The article has important theoretical and practical significance in understanding the process of formation of the Turkish alphabet. Keywords: alphabet, Kok-Turkic script, newspaper, Turkology Congress, Kopruluzoda, literary language.