The transformation of Europe’s housing and energy systems is taking place amid deepening social divisions and mounting affordability issues. This report examines how policy design, market incentives and institutional capacity shape the solutions across eight European case studies. The analysis reveals ongoing disparities in renovation preparedness, the targeting of vulnerable groups, and the coordination of policies at different levels. It also identifies priority areas where coordinated national and EU action could reduce structural risks, close delivery gaps and ensure that the energy transition enhances housing affordability and social resilience.