Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an external mechanical force causes injury to the brain, such as a violent blow, jolt, or knock to the head (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2025). It represents a major public health challenge and is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide (Meaney et al., 2014). Neurological impairment following TBI is broadly classified into primary and secondary injury and is further categorized by severity as mild, moderate, or severe (Risdall and Menon, 2011; Blennow et al., 2016). Primary injury occurs at the moment of impact, whereas secondary injury develops minutes to days afterward as a result of complex biochemical and cellular processes (Risdall and Menon, 2011).