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ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2026
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A Formal Proof of the Non-Existence of Odd Perfect Numbers for Euler Primes p ≥ 5 via Structural Divisibility Constraints

Authors: Reed, Jonathan ƒ(n);

A Formal Proof of the Non-Existence of Odd Perfect Numbers for Euler Primes p ≥ 5 via Structural Divisibility Constraints

Abstract

While computational searches have verified the non-existence of odd perfect numbers for all values up to 10^1500, the existence of odd perfect numbers remains one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory. According to Euler's theorem, an odd perfect number must take the form N = p^k m^2 where p is a prime such that p ≡ k ≡ 1 (mod 4). This paper presents a proof of the non-existence of such numbers for the domain p ≥ 5. By analyzing the abundancy index I(m^2) = σ(m^2)/m^2, we establish a collision of bounds between the identity-mandated abundancy ceiling and the lower bound forced by the divisibility of the H-factor (σ(p^k)/2) within the square component m^2. We demonstrate that for all p ≥ 5 the minimal prime factors forced into m^2 by the Euler prime's structure generate an abundancy that exceeds the maximum allowable ratio required by the perfect number identity. This structural incompatibility creates an empty set for the defined domain. The logical chain of inequalities was formally verified using the Lean 4 theorem prover, confirming that the contradiction is absolute across all k ≥ 1 and p ≥ 5.

Keywords

Odd Perfect Numbers, Euler, Number Theory, Divisor Sum Function, Lean 4, Euclid, Abundancy Index, Formal Verification, OPN Conjecture

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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