This article examines cognitive processes involved in translation through the methodological lens of Think-Aloud Protocols (TAPs). Translation is increasingly understood as a complex cognitive activity that involves problem-solving, decision-making, and metalinguistic awareness. Drawing on empirical studies in translation process research, this paper synthesizes findings from TAP-based investigations to identify key cognitive operations such as comprehension, reformulation, monitoring, and revision. The methodological strengths and limitations of TAPs are discussed with reference to established experimental research. The analysis is grounded in peer-reviewed studies and foundational theoretical works, with particular attention to how TAPs contribute to understanding translators’ mental processes during task performance.