This dataset contains 32,054 curated chromosome count records and 1,696 bibliographic references extracted from the IAPT/IOPB chromosome data series (including - IOPB Chromosome Number Reports, IOPB Chromosome Data and IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data). It is part of ChromoDB, an initiative aimed at building a comprehensive, curated, and openly accessible database of plant cytogenetics. The dataset is provided as two relational CSV files (records and bibliography), linked through a common identifier (bib_id). An additional field subseries specifies the origin of each record, and the field volume_pages consolidates bibliographic pagination details. Data are released under a CC-BY 4.0 license and are intended for reuse in research on plant taxonomy, cytogenetics, evolutionary biology, and biodiversity conservation.