Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income regions. The disease develops gradually through precancerous lesions, most commonly associated with persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Because the preinvasive stage may remain asymptomatic for years, early detection through effective screening is crucial for reducing incidence and mortality. Advances in screening technologies and preventive strategies have significantly improved early diagnosis, enabling timely intervention and improved survival outcomes. Understanding the effectiveness and implementation of current screening methods is essential for optimizing cervical cancer prevention programs.