Iron deficiency anemia remains one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders among women of reproductive age worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Increased iron requirements due to menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation, combined with inadequate dietary intake and limited absorption, significantly contribute to its development. This condition negatively affects physical performance, cognitive function, immune response, and reproductive outcomes, leading to reduced quality of life and increased maternal and perinatal risks. Early identification and preventive strategies are therefore essential to reduce disease burden and long-term complications.