This chapter examines the notion of the theoretical gap as a central pillar of academic research and a key criterion for scientific contribution. It aims to equip doctoral students with a rigorous analytical framework for identifying, formulating, and justifying research gaps beyond a purely descriptive Literature review. The chapter clarifies the conceptual foundations of the theoretical gap and distinguishes it from broader notions such as research gaps or knowledge gaps. It proposes a structured typology of gaps—namely theoretical, methodological, contextual, and empirical—and demonstrates how contradictions and controversies within the literature can serve as powerful indicators of unresolved scientific issues. By combining conceptual clarification with practical analytical tools, the chapter guides readers from critical literature analysis to the formulation of clear, defensible, and publishable research questions. Overall, it promotes a reflexive and theory-driven approach to literature review, fostering doctoral students’ ability to produce meaningful and sustained contributions to academic knowledge.