
In this paper, we explore negation in Pashto – an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Based on the Yousafzai dialect of Pashto,with the questionnaire provided by the editors as our main instrument, we investigate such phenomena as standard negation, negation in non-declaratives, stativepredications, and negation in non-main clauses. Standard negation in Pashto is expressed with a single negative particle nə, typically added pre-verbally. For imperatives, there is a dedicated negative particle mə, also added pre-verbally, constitutingthe only formal contrast between imperatives and corresponding prohibitives. Nostructural differences between negation in main clauses and negation in non-mainclauses of simplex verbs, or in non-periphrastic categories, have been observed,whereas there are instances of structural asymmetry in some periphrastically expressed verbal categories. Pashto displays paradigmatic asymmetry in that positiveimperatives can make an aspectual distinction between perfective and imperfective, whereas negative imperatives are aspectually neutralized. Negation in Pashtocan be further reinforced by changing the position of the negative element to occurpost-verbally. Clauses with negated pronouns or adverbs always display negativeconcord.
paradigmatic asymmetry, structural asymmetry, Iranian, negative particle, Pashto
paradigmatic asymmetry, structural asymmetry, Iranian, negative particle, Pashto
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