"The Origins of Chinese Surnames: History, Structure, and Social Meaning" is a comprehensive academic study examining one of the world's oldest continuous hereditary naming systems spanning over three millennia. This scholarly work traces the evolution of Chinese surnames from their Neolithic matrilineal origins through the sophisticated dual system (xing and shi) of pre-Qin China, to the consolidated patrilineal structure that emerged during the Qin-Han period and continues today. The paper goes beyond linguistic analysis to explore how surnames function as fundamental organizing principles in Chinese society, encoding clan lineage, regulating marriage, signaling social status, and maintaining cultural identity across generations. Drawing on classical texts, archaeological evidence, modern demographic data, and population genetics research, this 15,500-word study offers an interdisciplinary examination combining history, linguistics, anthropology, sociology, and genetics. It documents the formation mechanisms of Chinese surnames, analyzes their remarkable concentration patterns (top 100 surnames covering 85% of the population), examines regional and ethnic variations, and addresses contemporary challenges including gender equity, globalization, and rare surname preservation. The paper features extensive appendices including the complete Baijiaxing tradition, top 100 surnames by population, compound surname catalogs, regional distribution maps, romanization comparison tables, and legal frameworks. With over 80 scholarly references and substantial data from ChineseNameHub.com, this work serves as an authoritative resource for researchers, genealogists, educators, and anyone interested in understanding how Chinese surnames embody three thousand years of cultural continuity while adapting to modern transformations. This research contributes to broader theoretical discussions in onomastics, kinship studies, and cultural transmission, demonstrating how naming systems function as complex cultural artifacts that simultaneously preserve ancestral heritage and negotiate contemporary social realities.