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Postdramatik Tiyatro ve Robert Wilson Tiyatrosu'nun Biçimsel Özellikleri / Postdramatic Theater and the Formal Characteristics of Robert Wilson's Theater

Authors: Erarslan, Ezgi;

Postdramatik Tiyatro ve Robert Wilson Tiyatrosu'nun Biçimsel Özellikleri / Postdramatic Theater and the Formal Characteristics of Robert Wilson's Theater

Abstract

20. Yüzyıl boyunca gelişen, denenen sanatsal çalışmalar, avangart yönelimler, performatif çalışmalar; performans sanatıyla oluşan melez türlerin ortaya çıkması kadar, tiyatro gibi Antik Yunan’dan günümüze kadar ulaşan köklü bir türün kendi içinde çeşitlilik sağlamasına olanak tanımıştır. Özellikle 2000 sonrası tiyatrosunda yeni yönelimler kendini iyice belli ederken, tanımlamalar ve bu tanımlamaların içerdiği anlamlar sıkça tartışılır olmuştur. Postdramatik tiyatro kavramı da bunlardan bir tanesidir. Dramatik tiyatronun karşıtı, zıttı, onun inkârcısı konumundaki bu tiyatral söylem bilhassa son dönemlerde sıkça telaffuz edilen yeni biçimsel arayışların da odağında olmuştur. Hans Thies Lehmann Postdramatisches Theater isimli kitabında, 20. Yüzyılın sonlarına doğru kendini gösteren bu yeni tiyatro estetiğine dair güçlü bir tez oluşturmuş ve en az absürd tiyatro kuramı kadar popüler olmayı başaran bir kavramın sözcüsü konumuna ulaşmıştır. Postdramatik Tiyatro’da Lehmann, dram ve 1970’lerden itibaren ortaya çıkan ‘tiyatronun artık dramatik olmayan biçimleri’ arasındaki ilişkiye dair kapsamlı ve erişilebilir bir teori geliştirmiştir. Dramatik tiyatroya dair tüm bilinen kurallar yerle bir edilirken uzam-zaman ve karaktere dair kahraman olgusu da değişim göstermektedir. Lehmann’a göre, 1970 sonrası postdramatik çalışmalara örnek teşkil edebilecek işler ortaya koyan yazar, yönetmen, performans sanatçılarından bazıları şunlardır: Robert Wilson, Jan Fabre, Heiner Goebbels, Peter Brook, Anatoli Vassiliev, Robert Lepage, Meg Stuart, En Knap, Tadashi Suzuki… Bu sanatçılar arasından çağdaş tiyatronun önemli sahnelemelerine imza atmış isimlerinden biri olan Robert Wilson, sadece sahneye koyduğu eserlerle değil; aynı zamanda çizimleri, resimleri ve heykelleri ile dünyanın dört bir yanındaki solo ve karma sergilerde de yer almış, bununla beraber kişisel koleksiyonlarda ve müze koleksiyonlarında da kendisine yer edinmiştir. Kullandığı teknikler, yenilikçi arayışları, biçimsel estetiği ile ardından gelen pek çok tiyatrocuya ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Çalışmada Robert Wilson’ın Üç Kuruşluk Opera ve Einstein on the Beach yapıtları zaman, mekân, ışık, beden ve görsel kompozisyon bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bulgular, Wilson tiyatrosunda dramatik anlatının geri plana itildiğini, sahne imgelerinin özerk bir estetik yapı olarak konumlandığını ve seyircinin algısal deneyiminin merkezde yer aldığını göstermektedir. Throughout the twentieth century, experimental artistic practices, avant-garde tendencies, and performative approaches not only contributed to the emergence of hybrid forms associated with performance art, but also enabled a deeply rooted genre such as theatre—extending from Ancient Greece to the present day—to diversify within its own structure. Particularly in theatre after the year 2000, new tendencies have become increasingly visible, and both the definitions and the meanings attributed to these definitions have been widely debated. The concept of postdramatic theatre is one such notion. Positioned as a theatrical discourse that challenges and destabilizes the conventions of dramatic theatre, postdramatic theatre has become central to contemporary formal explorations in recent years. In his book Postdramatisches Theater, Hans-Thies Lehmann formulated a strong theoretical framework for this emerging theatrical aesthetic, which became prominent toward the end of the twentieth century and achieved a level of recognition comparable to that of absurd theatre theory. In Postdramatic Theatre, Lehmann develops a comprehensive and accessible theory concerning the relationship between drama and the “non-dramatic forms of theatre” that have emerged since the 1970s. As the established rules of dramatic theatre are dismantled, concepts of space, time, and the heroic character undergo significant transformation. According to Lehmann, artists whose works exemplify postdramatic practices after the 1970s include Robert Wilson, Jan Fabre, Heiner Goebbels, Peter Brook, Anatoli Vassiliev, Robert Lepage, Meg Stuart, En Knap, and Tadashi Suzuki. Among these figures, Robert Wilson stands out as one of the artists who has produced influential stagings in contemporary theatre. Beyond his theatrical productions, Wilson has also presented drawings, paintings, and sculptures in solo and group exhibitions worldwide, and his works are represented in both private and museum collections. His innovative techniques, experimental approach, and distinctive formal aesthetics have served as a source of inspiration for numerous theatre practitioners who followed. This study examines Robert Wilson’s The Threepenny Opera and Einstein on the Beach within the contexts of time, space, light, body, and visual composition. The findings indicate that in Wilson’s theatre, dramatic narration is deliberately pushed into the background, stage images are positioned as autonomous aesthetic structures, and the spectator’s perceptual experience occupies a central role.

Keywords

Robert Wilson, Einstein Kumsalda, Epik Tiyatro, Bertolt Brecht, Üç Kuruşluk Opera, Postdramatik Tiyatro

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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