Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rapidly escalating global concern that threatens human health, agricultural sustainability, environmental integrity, and food security. The extensive use of antimicrobial agents in medicine, crop protection, livestock production, aquaculture, and food processing has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). These resistance determinants move across interconnected ecosystems through soil, water, food chains, and human activities, reinforcing the need for a One Health perspective. This review critically examines the drivers, distribution, and transmission pathways of AMR across agricultural, environmental, medical, marine, and food ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on plant–microbe interactions, environmental reservoirs, and anthropogenic pressures shaping resistance dynamics, along with sustainable mitigation strategies. Keywords Antimicrobial resistance; One Health; plant pathology; agriculture; environment; food safety; marine ecosystems

This manuscript is a preprint review article that has not undergone peer review. The content is intended for academic dissemination and subsequent submission to a peer-reviewed journal.