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Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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Angewandte Chemie
Article . 2026 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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Article . 2025
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Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Article . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Dynamic Confinement Approach for High Metal Loading Single‐Atom Catalysts Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks

Authors: Song, Kyung Seob; Najafov, Murad; González-Acosta, José Manuel; Ruiz Ferrando, Andrea; Pollitt, Stephan; Fritz, Patrick W.; Ashirov, Timur; +5 Authors

Dynamic Confinement Approach for High Metal Loading Single‐Atom Catalysts Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks

Abstract

Abstract Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) offer stable, well‐defined active sites by anchoring individual metal atoms on stable organic or inorganic supports, though achieving high metal loadings without clustering or leaching remains a major challenge. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for developing ultra‐high metal loading SACs based on palladium polyphthalocyanine covalent organic frameworks (COFs) synthesized via a mixed metal ionothermal approach, which involves the cyclization of tetracyanobenzene and tetracyanopyrazine as precursors in molten salt mixtures of PdCl 2 /ZnCl 2 or PdCl 2 /ZnCl 2 /NaCl. This approach effectively combines the formation of crystalline polymeric hosts with metal impregnation in a single step, yielding COFs with atomically distributed Pd ions and metal contents of up to 22.2 wt%. Theoretical simulations reveal that the crystalline framework dynamically confines Pd atoms between different binding sites within the pores, preventing dimerization and ensuring long‐term catalyst stability. The synthesized catalysts were evaluated under continuous flow conditions, exhibiting stable performance with yields as high as 90% and maintaining stability over a 24 h time‐on‐stream under low‐conversion conditions. These results establish a new benchmark for SACs and underscore the importance of dynamic confinement approach in achieving high metal loadings on crystalline organic supports.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average