Sustainable development of the sericulture sector has become increasingly important as climate pressures, technological transitions, and shifting global market dynamics reshape agricultural systems. In Uzbekistan - one of the historic centers of silk production - the relevance of this topic is underscored by persistent productivity gaps, uneven technological adoption, and fragmented institutional support that limit the sector’s competitiveness and resilience. The purpose of this article is to identify the key economic, technological, and institutional factors shaping the sustainable development pathways of Uzbekistan’s sericulture industry. Using a mixed-methods empirical approach, including panel data econometrics, value-chain analysis, climate sensitivity assessment, and field surveys conducted across 120 farms and 8 enterprises, the study evaluates determinants of productivity and structural constraints. The research demonstrates that technology adoption, access to seasonal credit, and labor availability are statistically significant drivers of cocoon yield, while temperature and humidity deviations negatively affect production. Value-chain analysis reveals that farmers capture the smallest share of total value added, reflecting weak integration and governance inefficiencies. Institutional analysis highlights limited access to extension services, insurance, and financial tools. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of sustainability transitions in agriculture and offer practical recommendations for improving productivity, strengthening climate resilience, and enhancing value-chain coordination. Implementing targeted reforms in technology diffusion, financial mechanisms, and institutional frameworks can substantially improve sectoral efficiency and long-term growth.