The family Anacardiaceae comprises of several plant species with significant ethnomedicinal importance across tropical and subtropical regions. The present study documents the traditional knowledge associated with ethnomedicinal plants of the family Anacardiaceae used by indigenous and rural communities of Odisha, India. Field investigations were carried out in selected regions of Odisha through semi-structured interviews with local healers, elderly villagers and knowledgeable informants. A total of nine plant species belonging to eight genera were recorded, with their uses primarily related to gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, bone fracture healing, parasitic infections and hair care. Different plant parts such as bark, fruits, leaves, kernels and nut shells were used in the form of decoctions, pastes, oils or raw applications. The study highlights the continued dependence of local communities on plant-based traditional medicine and emphasizes the importance of documenting and conserving this valuable indigenous knowledge, which may provide leads for future pharmacological research.