The dataset, “Raw Data_Work-Life Balance, Work Frustration, and Work Engagement among Healthcare Workers in China,” was collected from healthcare workers recruited from multiple healthcare institutions in China using a random sampling approach. Data were gathered via an online questionnaire administered on the Questionnaire Star platform (www.Sojump.com) between October and November 2025. A total of 472 questionnaires were distributed. After excluding invalid responses (e.g., substantial missing data or irregular response patterns such as extreme responding), the final dataset comprised 454 valid questionnaires (valid response rate = 96.19%). The dataset includes measures of work-life balance, work frustration, and work engagement, along with demographic and work-related information (e.g., gender, age group, marital status, educational level, occupation, and night-shift frequency). The study aimed to examine the association between work-life balance and work engagement among healthcare workers, with a particular focus on the mediating role of work frustration within the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) framework. This dataset provides empirical evidence on how work–life resource conditions and day-to-day work barriers co-occur with engagement in high-demand healthcare settings, and it can inform interventions that strengthen work-life coordination while reducing recurring process barriers and rework that accumulate work frustration.