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ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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A Saturation Bound on Gravitational Power from Spacetime Flow

Authors: Naik, Amar;

A Saturation Bound on Gravitational Power from Spacetime Flow

Abstract

We present a kinematic and geometric argument showing that gravitational interactions admit a universal upper bound on effective power transfer to matter, arising from saturation of spacetime flow velocity at the universal causal limit c. Treating gravity as a spatial gradient—equivalently described by Painlev´e–Gullstrand congruences—we define an operationally meaningful quantity: the effective gravitational power delivered to a freely falling test mass. In weak fields this power reproduces familiar Newtonian energetics, while in strong fields it saturates at horizons rather than diverging. At a Schwarzschild event horizon, where the spacetimeflow speed reaches c, the gravitational power remains finite and scales inversely with black-hole mass. This result demonstrates that infinite gravitational energetics are unphysical and that classical singularities correspond to a breakdown of descriptionrather than physical infinities. The framework is minimal, conservative, and fully compatible with General Relativity.

Keywords

gravitation; spacetime flow; gravitational power; event horizon; saturation principle; Painlev´e–Gullstrand coordinates; singularity avoidance

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green