
Application of Artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture sector plays an important role to enhance the yields by predicting and detecting the plant diseases and improving health of the crop. The early detection of plant diseases is crucial and helpful to the farmers to minimize the crop loss and ensure healthy crop. However, the traditional manual methods, are time consuming, error-prone, and inefficient for large-scale farming. Adopting recent technologies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in the recent years have revolutionized the automation process of plant disease detection. However, singlemodal approaches depend on only RGB images often fail to capture critical physiological and biochemical changes in plants. To overcome these limitations, we propose a Single-Stream CNN in Multi-Modal Plant Disease Detection, integrating RGB, thermal, and hyperspectral imaging into a unified model. Unlike traditional multistream architectures that increase computational complexity, our model processes multi-modal data as a single 4-channel input tensor, optimizing feature fusion while maintaining computational efficiency. The proposed architecture, based on a Modified VGG-16 CNN model, which enhances disease detection accuracy by leveraging complementary information from different imaging modalities. Experimental evaluations demonstrate significant improvements in classification accuracy compared to RGB-only models. Furthermore, our model is optimized for real-time deployment on edge computing devices, making it scalable for precision agriculture applications, including automated greenhouse monitoring, drone-based crop surveillance, and IoTintegrated farming systems. This research work highlights the transformative potential of AI-driven multi-modal plant disease detection, flagging the way for more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable agricultural solutions.
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