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ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: ZENODO
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
ZENODO
Preprint . 2025
License: CC BY
Data sources: Datacite
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Movement as Regulation: The Metabolic Origin of Animal Locomotion

Authors: van der Merwe, Emile S.;

Movement as Regulation: The Metabolic Origin of Animal Locomotion

Abstract

Animal movement is typically framed as an adaptive trait enabling exploration, foraging, escape, and reproduction. Such explanations describe the utility of locomotion but do not address why movement became evolutionarily necessary for animals while remaining absent in other major life architectures. This preprint proposes a foundational alternative: animal locomotion arose as a regulatory necessity rather than a behavioural innovation. Building on metabolism-first and regulatory-closure perspectives, the paper argues that once life internalised metabolic buffering—storing energy, concentrating reactions, and retaining waste—stationary regulation became unstable in heterogeneous environments. Movement emerged as a means of preserving internal coherence through spatial relocation. The framework unifies microbial motion, sperm motility, muscle contraction, and animal gait within a single oscillatory regulatory lineage. Muscles are reframed not as locomotor engines but as force-cycling regulators, while locomotion is interpreted as mobile homeostasis—regulation expressed in space. The paper presents testable predictions linking locomotor rhythm, metabolic state, and regulatory stability, with implications for physiology, origin-of-life research, and astrobiology.

Keywords

metabolism-first, Movement, animal locomotion, muscle physiology, Homeostasis, regulatory closure, theoretical biology, systems biology, allostasis, oscillation, gait, origin of life

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green