Medical abortion is a widely accepted, evidence-based method for terminating early pregnancy through the use of pharmacological agents. It primarily involves the administration of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol, or misoprostol alone in settings where mifepristone is unavailable. This method is recommended for early gestation and is endorsed by major international health organizations due to its high efficacy, favorable safety profile, and non-invasive nature. Medical abortion induces physiological processes similar to spontaneous miscarriage and allows individuals to complete the procedure outside of a surgical setting, thereby enhancing privacy, autonomy, and accessibility. This article provides a comprehensive review of medical abortion, including its definition, historical development, pharmacological mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and effectiveness. It further discusses expected physiological responses, common side effects, potential complications, and post-abortion care requirements. In addition, the article explores psychological outcomes, ethical considerations, and public health implications associated with medical abortion, particularly in relation to reproductive rights and healthcare access. By synthesizing current clinical evidence and guidelines, this article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of medical abortion as a critical component of modern reproductive healthcare and to inform healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers