Last modified: January 09, 2025 IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others. Data DescriptionPlease see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data. Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format. Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data. If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us! Metrics Date Total bee records 07-17-2020 232,906 01-24-2021 257,738 11-17-2021 226,160 06-01-2022 286,818 11-07-2022 429,308 01-18-2024 842,819 07-03-2024 1,109,057 01-09-2025 1,223,768 11-25-2025 2,480,473 Date Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae 07-17-2020 73,463 106,222 20,821 58,880 01-24-2021 77,824 120,919 21,376 63,945 11-17-2021 25,535 134,517 10,568 43,070 06-01-2022 78,016 144,827 20,409 64,054 11-07-2022 84,172 171,378 30,792 79,155 01-18-2024 166,473 334,224 63,847 171,931 07-03-2024 289,400 371,953 83,337 190,562 01-09-2025 204,565 686,195 70,724 241,856 11-25-2025 269,191 1,509,768 129,763 386,203 Date Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae 07-17-2020 44,449 2,511 23 01-24-2021 48,856 2,624 18 11-17-2021 37,001 995 9 06-01-2022 54,516 2,994 18 11-07-2022 61,391 2,396 24 01-18-2024 100,814 5,088 442 07-03-2024 162,587 4,964 438 01-09-2025 126,113 5,928 441 11-25-2025 174,935 9,764 849 Included files filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family citation-count.sh - script for counting citations family_counts.tsv - counts by family globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Nov-25 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh]. interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on November 25, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org Interaction Sources Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive. count source 276746 http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world. 266822 Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a food web for Switzerland. EnviDat. https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.467. 258683 USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT 180849 ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data 113301 Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115 112006 University of Kansas Natural History Museum - Snow Entomological Museum Collection 79134 Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN) 62736 Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University 49513 Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000 41298 Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. and Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801. 28517 PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au. 27114 Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1 24564 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner. 23727 Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867 18757 A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining. 18003 Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit 17603 Dorey, J.B., Fischer, E.E., Chesshire, P.R. et al. 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Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.06.455442 79 Cristina Preda and Quentin Groom. 2014. Species associations manually extracted from literature. 72 Faulwetter S, Markantonatou V, Pavloudi C, Papageorgiou N, Keklikoglou K, Chatzinikolaou E, Pafilis E, Chatzigeorgiou G, Vasileiadou K, Dailianis T, Fanini L, Koulouri P, Arvanitidis C (2014) Polytraits: A database on biological traits of marine polychaetes. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1024. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e1024 . Available at http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu. 62 US National Museum of Natural History Ixodes Records 60 Almeida, F. (2005) Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Cod, off Cape Cod, MA, from F/V Riena Marie NEC-FA2001-1 in the Gulf of Maine from 2001-2004 (NEC-CoopRes project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version final) Version Date 2005-10-01 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3087 54 Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414. 53 Soleto-Casas RC and Simões N (2020). Parasitic and commensal invertebrates of echinoderms from American Tropical And Subtropical Atlantic manually extracted from literature. 48 Semantic Prototypes in Research Ecoinformatics (SPIRE). Data provided by Joel Sachs. See also http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/get/a/publication/297.pdf . 45 Olito, Colin; Fox, Jeremy W. (2015), Data from: Species traits and abundances predict metrics of plant–pollinator network structure, but not pairwise interactions, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7st32 43 Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah 40 Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2017. Species associations manually extracted from Benesh, D. P., Lafferty, K. D. and Kuris, A. (2017), A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. Ecology, 98: 882. doi:10.1002/ecy.1680 37 Pocock, Michael J. O.; Evans, Darren M.; Memmott, Jane (2012), Data from: The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3s36r118 36 Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern 34 Sarah E Miller. 6/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html. 32 Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3 31 Shaw, LP, Wang, AD, Dylus, D, et al. The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates. Mol Ecol. 2020; 29: 3361– 3379. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15463 27 Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection 27 Sarah E Miller. 5/17/2016. Wenzel, Rupert L., and Vernon J. Tipton. Appendix: Classified List of Hosts and Parasites. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1966. 26 Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75. 23 Agosti, Donat. 2020. Transcription of Linné, C. von, 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 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Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo. 1 Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 1 Vanderweyen A, Fraiture A, Groom Q, Desmet P, Reyserhove L (2019). Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium. Botanic Garden Meise. 1 Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 1re partie, Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae et Uropyxidaceae. Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 2ème partie, Pucciniaceae (sauf Puccinia)(suite 2). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2012). CATALOGUE DES UREDINALES DE Belgique 3ème partie Pucciniaceae (genre Puccinia). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique. 1 Zeke Marshall. 2021. Species interactions manually extracted from literature. References Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005 Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037 Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species. Acknowledgements This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850 

Please cite the resources, natural history collections and publications where the data originated as found in uniq_citations.tsv file above. Also, please cite Poelen et. al (above in References) to cite Global Biotic Interactions.