This dataset contains 4,102 laboratory-collected images of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves representing three conditions: Healthy plants Overwatering-induced abiotic stress BBWV2 (Broad Bean Wilt Virus 2) viral infection The images were acquired under controlled indoor growth conditions to support research in plant disease detection, abiotic–biotic stress differentiation, computer vision, and phenotyping. Plant Growth Conditions Chili pepper plants (Capsicum annuum, cv. Shinhong) were cultivated in a controlled indoor chamber maintained at 25 °C, 30% relative humidity, and a 16h/8h light cycle. A total of 72 plants per treatment group were prepared: healthy, overwatered, and BBWV2-infected plants. Seeds were sown directly in 228-cell trays, and seedlings were transplanted into 10 cm pots after two weeks. Overwatering stress was induced by maintaining 80% humidity for one week and subsequently keeping the pots in a continuously water-saturated state. Images were captured at weeks 6 and 7, including both top-view and side-view photographs. BBWV2 Inoculation Procedure BBWV2 infection was performed through sap inoculation using a previously developed infectious clone (PAP1 strain), as described in Kwak et al. (2016). Nicotiana benthamiana plants were grown under the same environmental conditions and inoculated at the 4-week stage. Symptomatic leaves collected 10 days post-inoculation were used as the viral source for inoculating chili pepper plants. Dataset Contents The dataset includes: 4,102 leaf images (healthy, overwatered, BBWV2-infected) High-resolution photographs from top and side perspectives Consistent controlled-environment lighting and background Optional metadata file containing labels for each image Each image was manually inspected and labeled based on observed symptoms. Intended Use This dataset can be used for: plant disease classification distinguishing viral infection from abiotic stress deep learning model training and evaluation stress phenotype analysis agricultural computer vision benchmarking Notes All images were obtained from controlled indoor experiments to minimize environmental noise. No personally identifiable information or sensitive data is included. Users are encouraged to cite the dataset’s DOI when using it in publications.